
Arizona state and federal lawmakers are pressuring California to cut its Colorado River usage as the federal government is threatening to intervene after states failed to agree on a plan to limit what they take from the river.
The United States Department of the Interior announced on Oct. 28 that the Bureau of Reclamation will analyze the existing guidelines for operating the Hoover and Glen Canyon Dams. The dams hold the Lake Mead and Lake Powell reservoirs, both of which are fed by the Colorado River water. These dams must have high enough water levels to generate hydropower and get water to the basin states.
If water levels fall too low, not only is there a lack of hydropower, but large volumes of water can’t be moved to areas that need it.
Democratic U.S. Sen. Mark Kelly is pushing the river conservation effort with the federal government.

“Other states have to do their part and when I say other states that means California,” Kelly said at a Valley Partnership event in Phoenix Oct. 28 before the bureau made its announcement. “We can’t let the river crash and we won’t. I expect that shortly you will hear something – maybe very shortly – you will hear something from Reclamation on this. … I’ve made it very clear with them that this cannot be on the backs of the people of Arizona.”
Tom Buschatzke, director of the Arizona Department of Water Resources, explained the mechanics of the water falling too low.
“With the power generation capability, you kind of have eight fire hoses to move water. Once you fall below the power generation capability; you have four garden hoses to move water,” Buschatzke said.
The public has until Dec. 20 to weigh in on the Bureau’s proposals and preferred course of action.

After two decades of drought, all states in the Colorado River basin are faced with low water levels – including Arizona and California, but California is not making water cuts that Arizona, Nevada and Mexico have already been forced to endure.
As the larger state in both population and land, California gets the largest allocation of Colorado River water at 4.4-million-acre feet and is the last to take mandatory cuts in the event of an emergency like the one now. An acre foot is about 326,000 gallons of water, considered enough to serve a typical family of two for a year.
“They have the biggest allocation and probably are doing the least to date in terms of cutting their water use to protect the system,” Buschatzke said.
Arizona had to cut its water usage by more than 500,000 acre-feet when the river levels fell into a Tier 1 shortage a few months ago. Greater cuts are likely to come.
“Typically, this is when you start getting fighting. Fighting is over the tier programs. There’s tier one, tier two, tier three and fourth priority water rights. Central Arizona Project is the lowest priority. And why is that?” said state Rep. Tim Dunn, R-Yuma.
The Central Arizona Project is an aqueduct that diverts Colorado River water into southern and central Arizona.

“In order to get the money from the federal government to build the Central Arizona Project; California said – basically it was political – you take a lower shortage than us, you’re the first shortage, and we’ll agree to fund it so you can take the water out of the river. And that was the only way we could get it funded,” Dunn said.
California has 52 congressional seats – the most of any state. It is far too well represented for other basin states to force California to take cuts. Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming only have 28 seats combined. Only the federal government can impose such a tall order.
“We have to acknowledge that California is in a stronger position than any of the other rest of the states that are relying on the Colorado River, and I’d love to gang up with the rest of the states on them, because our position relatively speaking isn’t great,” state Sen. J.D. Mesnard, R-Chandler, said in the Legislative District 13 debate. “California has 50-whatever members of Congress, so they have a lot of sway there. That’s why we need the rest of the states to kind of ban together.”
California is so well represented because it has the largest population of any state. Arizona only contains about 18% of California’s population.

California is tentatively offering to slightly cut its river water usage in exchange for help with the Salton Sea – a drying lake that is quickly becoming toxic and environmentally hazardous. California needs the federal government to help fund a Salton Sea protection plan, but Kelly went on the offensive and wrote to U.S. Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland on Oct. 25 requesting that the federal government not assist California with the Salton Sea until the state comes to the table for a Colorado River discussion and agrees to some sort of plan with the other basin states.
“Unfortunately, four months have passed since drought discussions began and little progress has been made toward Basin-wide solutions. California, the largest water user on the Colorado River, only recently proposed to try to conserve up to nine percent of the state’s water allocation. That is not enough water to protect the Colorado River,” Kelly wrote. “Arizona, on the other hand, is forgoing more than 20 percent of its allocation beginning in January and is willing to conserve more. California’s offer also appears contingent on the federal government funding a state initiative to reduce dust pollution at the Salton Sea before any new conservation is guaranteed. I call on the Department to withhold federal funding for Salton Sea drought mitigation until California commits additional water for long-term conservation.”
Kelly is not the only lawmaker pressuring California. Congressman Greg Stanton, D-AZ, wrote to California Gov. Gavin Newsom on Sept. 6, criticizing him for California’s monopolization of the Colorado River while Arizona suffers from mandatory cuts. “I am deeply concerned that California is failing to do its part,” Stanton wrote.
Arizona has been fighting against its smaller water allocation for decades, and the matter has been repeatedly settled in Arizona v. California court cases since 1931.
“California has a lot of power, also because we gave up some of our water when the CAP canal was planned,” state Rep. Jennifer Pawlik, D-Chandler, said in the Legislative District 13 debate. “Everybody needs to do their part. Everybody meaning the other states. So, if we go into conservation where they’re cutting the water in some states, we should cut it in California too.”
Reclamation Commissioner Camille Calimlim Touton asked the seven basin states on July 14 to come together and agree on a plan for two-to-four-million-acre feet of Colorado River cuts in the next year. They were given 60 days to agree, but the August 16 deadline passed with no agreement. Buschatzke wrote to the Bureau on August 30 asking for, among other things, “proactive and aggressive federal leadership.”
The Bureau will publish a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 2007 river guidelines. The SEIS will analyze three alternatives to handle the situation. The first is to take no action, the second is a “consensus based” alternative again asking states to work together. And the third and most extreme alternative is unilateral action by the department mandating water cuts.
“Between 1957 and 2019, our state’s population has grown from 1.1 million residents to 7.2 million residents. Meanwhile, our water use actually decreased from 7.1 million acre-feet per year to 6.9 million acre-feet per year- and our GDI increased from $13.4 billion to $299.8 billion at the same time,” Buschatzke wrote in his August 30 letter. GDI is “gross domestic income.”
When the river is full, there is only 7.5-million-acre feet to go around, meaning California gets more than half of the total amount of water. Arizona is allocated 2.8-million-acre feet and Nevada only gets 0.3-million-acre feet. Mexico receives 1.5-million-acre feet from the Colorado River as well.
The federal government is using a mixture of threats and incentives to keep river levels high. The Bureau is offering a program to farmers and cities, offering money for cutbacks. Not many groups have taken them up on the offer, and Arizona’s farmers are already feeling the consequences of water cuts.
The federal government will implement further cuts in 2023 as planned in the 2019 Drought Contingency Plan if the drought continues to worsen.
“Either there has to be cuts or there has to be more users who are going to enter into the voluntary compensated conservation programs,” Buschatzke said. Though he said he hopes states will still be able to agree among themselves, time is of the essence. “We had lots of meetings over the summer. And we’re still having meetings with the other states in terms of a plan moving forward. But time is pretty short. And the situation is at least as bad as it was last Spring.”