TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) a�� The recent defeat of legislation that would have created a citizens’ border group is driving up support for Arizona militias.

The Arizona Daily Star reports the state’s border-militia groups are seeing members becoming more motivated after plans for a state-sanctioned organization were struck down in the Legislature.

Leaders of volunteer patrols along the Arizona-Mexico border said there is an invasion of smugglers and illegal immigrants that needs to be stopped. Supporters say they are giving up on getting assistance from lawmakers.

Jack Foote, a longtime Arizona border-militia leader from Cottonwood, worked with the group that penned the bill.

“We have now washed our hands of our state’s Legislature,” Foote said. “Now we are going to do things our own way.”

The proposed bill would have established a 300-member, armed Arizona Special Missions Unit to guard the border at the governor’s request. A provision in the bill included screening volunteers to weed out violent extremists.

Critics of the bill say a border militia is extremist in nature.

Mark Pitcavage, of the Anti-Defamation League, said extreme behavior is no longer found on the fringes of militia movements.

“Some are explicitly white supremacists,” Pitcavage said. “The others may not be white supremacists but may well be racists.”

Arizona militia groups were recently in the spotlight after Jason Todd “J.T.” Ready, a known neo Nazi and border-militia leader, shot and killed four people before turning the gun on himself. FBI officials were investigating Ready at the time. He had most recently led a group known as the U.S. Border Guard. James Turgal, the FBI special agent in charge who oversees Arizona, said Ready’s shooting of his girlfriend and her family members was “a domestic violence tragedy” unrelated to his political activities.

A regeneration of border-militia movements would contradict an earlier trend reported by the Southern Poverty Law Center, which tracks groups it considers right-wing extremist. The center said earlier this year that the Minuteman border-watch movement that exploded in southern Arizona in the last decade has virtually disappeared. The study concluded the decline was due to its members’ concerns about illegal immigration have been adopted by state lawmakers.

Pat King, a rancher who lives near the border, said she has accepted help in the past from Minuteman groups. King said the group now uses cameras to report illegal activity rather than conduct patrols.

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TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) — Early ballots in the race to represent southeastern Arizona’s 8th Congressional District are coming in at a rapid pace.

The Arizona Daily Star says Pima County election officials reported Thursday voters have turned in nearly 71,500 early ballots.

Pima County Record F. Ann Rodriguez says that accounts for 38 percent of the 187,600 ballots sent out last week. She says the first week generally sees a 10-15 percent return.

Officials say about 57 percent of Pima County’s registered voters requested early ballots.

The candidates vying for Rep. Gabrielle Giffords’ spot include Democrat Ron Barber, Republican Jesse Kelly and Green Party candidate Charlie Manolakis. The election is June 12.

TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) a�� Democrat Ron Barber is clarifying his support of President Barack Obama after declining to say who he would vote for in November during a debate.

The Arizona Daily Star reports the 8th Congressional District candidate said Thursday in a statement he “of course” supports the Democratic president.

Republican opponent Jesse Kelly asked Barber at a debate Wednesday in Tucson who he supports for president.

Barber declined to answer and said he was only focused on beating Kelly. That response drew comments from national media and Republicans.

Republicans say Barber’s initial refusal to support Obama or his health care law show he cannot be honest with voters.

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TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) — Republican Jesse Kelly and Democrat Ron Barber clashed on Social Security, the health care overhaul and taxes during a Wednesday evening debate in the race for a U.S. House seat formerly held by Democrat Gabrielle Giffords.

The major party nominees and Green Party nominee Charlie Manolakis, who also participated in the debate sponsored by The Arizona Daily Star, are running in a June 12 special election. Giffords resigned Jan. 25 to concentrate on her recovery from a Jan. 8, 2011, shooting that left her critically wounded.

Kelly said he will protect Social Security benefits already earned but give choices to future generations, while Barber said allowing people to not participate would undermine Social Security’s finances and lead to its collapse.

“We cannot abandon a program that’s working,” he said. “Getting people out of the program will not save it.”

Kelley responded that the United States must not deprive Americans of the freedom to decide whether they should participate.

“This is not Europe. This is not Russia,” he said, adding later, “In this country, we believe in choices.”

Kelly said the health care overhaul should be repealed, with the federal government moving to reduce health care costs by promoting competition among insurance companies and allowing them to sell policies across state lines.

“It should be as easy as going on geico.com and purchasing auto insurance,” he said. “We’ll get those costs downs by getting government out of the way.”

Barber said parts of the overhaul should be kept, such as provisions requiring coverage for pre-existing conditions and continued coverage for parents’ offspring who are young adults. A prohibition on government negotiating drug prices for the Medicare program should be dropped, he said.

“What we need to do is fix the things in that bill that are not right … but keep those things that the American people deserve to have,” Barber said.

Barber and Kelly also differed on whether Congress should renew tax cuts that were enacted during former President George W. Bush’s administration and that are now set to expire Jan. 1.

Allowing the tax cuts to expire would strangle the still-ailing economy, Kelly said. “The solution is not to take more money out of the private sector.”

Barber said he would protect the middle class. “But people at the richest end of the spectrum do need to pay their fair share.”

The debate was held amid a flurry of recent television ads targeting voters.

Recent television advertising for Barber has sought to portray Kelly as too conservative for the district, while pro-Kelly advertising has attempted to paint Barber as a minion for President Barack Obama and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi.

Barber is Giffords’ hand-picked replacement and her former district director. He also was wounded in the 2011 shooting that occurred during a meet-the-congresswoman event at a Tucson shopping center.

Kelly works for his family’s construction company. A tea party favorite, Kelly defeated three other Republicans in the special election’s April 17 primary to advance to the special election’s second stage.

Barber was unopposed in the primary.

The special election will choose who will serve out the last half-year of Giffords’ term. Both Barber and Kelly also are running in fall elections that will determine who will serve a full two-year term in what will be the newly drawn 2nd Congressional District.

Republicans have a registration edge in the district, which includes much of Tucson and Green Valley, Sierra Vista and Douglas.

TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) a�� The Arizona Corporation Commission has approved a compromise plan on a 13-mile power line for the proposed copper mine near Tucson.

The 5-0 vote Wednesday followed hours of closed-door negotiations among the various interest groups and an executive session by the commission.

The Arizona Daily Star says it ends the six-month debate over the power line. But it also requires Rosemont Copper to obtain four other permits and other government approvals before construction could start on the power line.

The mining company would also have to acquire right of way for the power line across the Santa Rita Experimental Range from the State Land Department, which owns the historic range.

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TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) a�� Voters in southeastern Arizona’s 8th Congressional District are seeing a flurry of television ads in advance of the June 12 special election to pick a successor for Democrat Gabrielle Giffords.

The Arizona Daily Star reports that Democrat Ron Barber, Republican Jesse Kelly and their parties are flooding the airwaves with commercials.

Pro-Barber ads portray Kelly as being too radical and extreme while ads supporting Kelly say Barber would be a rubber stamp for President Barack Obama.

Giffords resigned in January, saying she needed to concentrate on her recovery from a January 2011 shooting that left her critically wounded.

Barber was Giffords’ district director. Kelly nearly beat Giffords in the 2010 election.

Related:

• Kelly picked as GOP candidate in CD8
• Barber’s free pass to end after special election?

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In 1881, five years after Scottish-born inventor Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated the first electrical transmission of speech, the newfangled apparatus called a telephone was introduced to Tucson. That same year, amid considerable public curiosity, a small exchange opened its doors on April 1.

The Arizona Daily Star reported May 26, “the latest improvement in our growing city is the establishment of the telephone headquarters adjoining the post office, where our citizens and visitors can now communicate with all parts of the city and by telegraph connections with the remotest parts of Europe, Asia and Africa.”

Early on, most calls were made directly from the exchange. Telephone sets were in short supply and many people could not afford them. Others mistrusted the new device, and some were self-conscious about talking into a wooden box.

In his 1897 “Handbook to Tucson and Southern Arizona,” George Hilzinger wrote, “In the matter of telephone communication, Arizona is not a whit behind the rest of the world. There are about 150 subscribers in Tucson, and the central office is kept constantly busy answering calls.” Hilzinger also noted that County Treasurer Charles F. Hoff, manager of the telephone exchanges in Tucson, Nogales, Prescott and Flagstaff, was “making arrangements to connect the different important mining camps with Tucson,” and he intended to extend the line into Mexico.

Two years later, in September 1899, the Tucson Citizen reported that Hoff, “the local manager of the Sunset Telephone company,” would replace “the present Tucson telephone [system] with a complete metallic circuit.” Even more important to telephone users, however, was the fact that “the long distance line between here and Phoenix will be completed in about 60 days.” Hoff told the newspaper, “the lines between here and Phoenix will have exchanges at Oracle, Mammoth, Florence, Mesa [and] Tempe.” A line to Nogales was proposed as well, but Hoff wouldn’t construct it “unless proper encouragement [was] received from people along the proposed route.”

Although telephone use was gaining popularity by 1900, the publishers of Tucson’s city directory apparently saw little importance in identifying telephone users. With the exception of businesses that paid for display advertising space, not a single telephone number was listed in the directory.

By 1915, unsightly wires had become an issue. Mountain States Telephone, which had absorbed the Sunset Company, was ordered by the City Council to bury its lines “underground on certain streets.” The resolution also called for the company to standardize its service, but failed to mention what it meant by standardization.

By 1919, there were 2,229 telephones in use in Tucson. A decade later, the number had increased to 6,857. Given a population of some 40,000 people, and another 7,000 living in the county, it is fair to say that telephone service was still considered a luxury.

Residential telephone use increased dramatically during World War II, and by the 1950s most Tucsonans were equipped with service. Today, the telephone is a highly sophisticated and versatile instrument that appears nearly as an appendage to countless ears.

— Arizona Capitol Times archives.

TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) a�� An advocacy group says forest rangers are “intimidating” hikers into paying fees at recreation sites such as Sabino Canyon even though a federal court has blocked such fees.

The Arizona Daily Star reports that Kitty Benzar, president of the Western Slope No Fee Coalition, says rangers are writing “phony tickets” that intimidate visitors.

The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in February that the U.S. Forest Service cannot charge fees for those who park and hike in the Catalina Mountains north of Tucson.

Officials of the Coronado National Forest, which manages the recreation sites, said they could not comment in detail because litigation is continuing on the fee issue.

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TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) a�� A Democratic candidate is dropping his bid for a southern Arizona congressional seat.

The Arizona Daily Star reports that David Crowe announced Thursday he is leaving the race for Arizona’s 3rd Congressional District.

Crowe says he needs to focus on his business. Crowe is CEO and president of Tucson Embedded Systems.

He says he plans to endorse Democrat and former state Sen. Amanda Aguirre.

Crowe first announced his candidacy against Rep. Raul Grijalva in February. Records show fundraising was slow to come in for Crowe.

According to the Federal Election Commission, Crowe loaned himself $75,000 and hadn’t had a donation of more than $200 since the week after starting his campaign.

Grijalva, meanwhile, has raised more than $400,000 for the race.

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TUCSON, Ariz. (AP) a�� Federal officials are launching a civil rights investigation into the treatment of Latinos in the Tucson Unified School District.

The Arizona Daily Star reported Thursday that the U.S. Department of Education is opening a probe for the second time into allegations of discrimination by the school district against Latinos.

The complaint, filed by the nonprofit Civil Rights Center, says TUSD officials placed restrictions on a recent Cesar Chavez march but not on other community organizations that were using the same district facilities.

Organizers say the march was moved after the district prohibited them from mentioning the elimination of TUSD Mexican American Studies classes.

TUSD has sent the complaint for review by outside counsel.

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