Golden State Warriors forward Kevon Looney is fouled by Phoenix Suns forward Mikal Bridges, left, during the first half of an NBA basketball game Thursday, Jan. 28, 2021, in Phoenix. Under proposed gaming compacts between the state and Indian tribes, legal gambling will be expanded to include wagering on sports, keno, and fantasy leagues. (AP Photo/Matt York)

Plans by Gov. Doug Ducey to allow statewide sports wagering, betting on fantasy leagues, keno and more tribal gambling could be undermined by a southern Arizona lawmaker.

Rep. Mark Finchem, R-Oro Valley, contends that the governor lacks the authority to negotiate new gaming compacts with the tribes. Instead, he said that formulating gaming policy is “a quintessential legislative function.”

But Finchem is doing more than just expressing his personal opinion.

He is asking Attorney General Mark Brnovich to review his legal arguments and issue a formal legal opinion declaring the issue of expanded tribal gaming beyond Ducey’s reach.

Strictly speaking, a finding by Brnovich against the governor’s powers would not halt legislative proposals to create new kinds of off-reservation gaming. Everyone, including Ducey, concedes he needs approval of state lawmakers to declare wagering on professional and college sports to be legal in Arizona.

But the existing gaming compacts give the tribes veto power over any expanded off-reservation gambling. It is only because the deal Ducey has negotiated gives them some additional gambling opportunities that they are willing to approve an enlargement of what happens beyond tribal borders.

More to the point, if the governor cannot deliver on what he has promised the tribes because of a legal impediment — like a ruling that it is beyond his power — there cannot be new off-reservation gaming.

Mark Finchem

Finchem declined to discuss his request, saying he wants to wait to see what Brnovich decides.

But Ducey aide Gretchen Conger told Capitol Media Services that the governor believes the original 20-year gaming compacts, ratified by voters in 2002, specifically authorize her boss to negotiate amended compacts.

That, however, remains to be seen.

The 2002 initiative pushed by the tribes and then-Gov. Jane Hull gives them the exclusive right to operate certain kinds of casino games for the next 20 years in exchange for sharing some of the profits with the state.

The state was allowed to continue any kind of gambling that was already legal, like the Lottery and parimutuel racing. But the compacts have a “poison pill,” saying if the state starts any new form of gaming, then the tribes are not bound by limits on machines and no longer have to share revenue with the state.

Track owners did put their own alternative on the 2002 ballot which would have authorized slot machines at both reservation casinos and tracks. But voters rejected that alternative.

With the compact expiring, Ducey and his staff have been in closed-door talks now for more than a year in what he called his bid to “modernize” the compacts. That resulted in the deal announced earlier this month in which they get new games like craps and roulette and more casinos in exchange for the tribes agreeing not to object to new kinds of off-reservation gaming like sports betting, wagering on fantasy leagues and keno.

The governor says only the changes in off-reservation gambling need legislative approval.

Finchem doesn’t see it that way, even to the point of arguing that Hull never had the authority to negotiate the first gaming compacts.

Doug Ducey

In fact as Hull was negotiating the compacts in 2001, a federal judge in Phoenix ruled that the state law authorizing her to make a deal was unconstitutional as it involved the legislature illegally ceding its power to the governor.

That ruling was overturned by an appellate court which concluded that the ruling was improper not based on the law but because the tracks that filed the lawsuit never named the tribes as defendants in the case. Only thing is, they could not be sued because of their own sovereign immunity.

Finchem, in his arguments to Brnovich, contends that original trial court ruling is still correct. He said the law authorizing the original negotiations is “an indefinite and unqualified grant of power.”

Even assuming the original law is legal, Finchem said it does not follow that Ducey gets to decide, on his own, to let tribes do additional types of gaming and at more locations, regardless of whether they are agreeing not to challenge expanded off-reservation gaming.

“Formulating gaming policy is a quintessential legislative function, it is not embedded in the governor’s constitutionally conferred executive powers,” he told Brnovich.

Finchem acknowledged there is another statute which deals with the terms of the current “standard form” gaming compacts available to tribes. But that, he argued, still doesn’t give Ducey the power to agree to what he has done.

“The governor is afforded only limited authority to negotiate on discrete and largely ancillary contract terms,” Finchem said. “Nothing in the statute empowers the governor to single-handedly forge the terms of a new compact that materially diverges from or expanded upon the terms specifically prescribed in (law).”

There’s another potential complication to Ducey’s gaming plan, also tied to another southern Arizona lawmaker.

Sen. David Gowan, R-Sierra Vista, is trying to get the legislature to legalize what’s called “historic horse racing.”

It would allow people using machines to wager on races that were run in the past but providing bettors only with a number and no information on the name of the horse or the date of the race. But they are given some data on that horse’s historical record and handicap.

Then, if they want, the bettors can watch an animated reenactment of the race on which they wagered.

In essence, this is a new method of generating additional revenues at horse tracks and the off-track betting facilities that they run, tracks that were largely left out of the new gaming compact.

Lorna Romero who lobbies for a coalition of track operators and horse owners, insists that Gowan’s SB 1794 has nothing to do with either tribal gaming or expanded off-reservation gambling. She argues that it’s just another form of parimutuel wagering — what existed prior to 2002 and is allowed under the compact — and does not require the tribes to agree to it.

But Brnovich in a 2018 ruling said allowing wagering on historic horse races would violate the gaming compacts with tribes because that kind of wagering was not allowed when the first compacts were signed in 2002. And while the new deals Ducey has negotiated with tribes expands on what can happen off reservation, like sports wagering, it does not include betting on historic races.

That raises the question of whether proponents, like Gowan, would seek to block expanded statewide gaming, all of which is tied to the compacts, until they get what they want and the tribes agree not to try to block what the tracks want.

Gowan told Capitol Media Services it’s appropriate to bring up the issue now, what with lawmakers considering new types of off-reservation gaming options that could bring in new tax dollars.

“My bill includes historic race wagering in this discussion, as other states have done to the benefit of their budgetary health,” he said.

But even if Gowan gets his measure through the legislature, it still would have to be signed by the governor. And Conger hinted that’s not likely to happen.

“The voters decided in 2002 that they didn’t want off-reservation casino-style gambling,” she said.

“Historic racing machines fall into the category of casino-style gambling,” Conger said. “This issue has been decided.”

An aide to Brnovich said Finchem’s request is being reviewed. He could not say when an opinion will be issued.